Introduction
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is presented in his concept as a pyramid, with basic needs at the base and higher-level, intangible necessities at the pinnacle. They include:
- Physiological needs; are the fundamental requirements for individual existence are food and water, adequate rest, clothing and shelter, general health, and reproduction (Hopper).
- Safety; requirements consist of protection from brutality and burglary, mental stability and well-being, and health and financial safety.
- Love and belonging needs; pertain to human interaction. Within these needs are companions and family ties, including those with both genetics, such as siblings, and selected family, such as a partner.
- Esteem needs; are the higher needs, starting with a sense of worth, are ego-driven needs. Maslow explains that self-esteem can be subdivided into respect and acknowledgment from others.
- Self-actualization can be known as self-fulfillment needs, which refers to the realization of an individual’s maximum capability; they occupy the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Hopper).
The Four Phases of the Sexual Response Cycle
Four steps have been identified in the sexual response cycle desire (libido), arousal (excitement), orgasm, and resolution. In broad discussion, the desire phase may span from a few moments to many hours, and it includes: Increasing muscle tension, heart rate, and respiration speed, among others; nevertheless, this varies amongst individuals (Sexual Response Cycle). Moreover, the arousal stage involves intensifying the alterations initiated in the previous phase until the verge of orgasm. Similarly, phase three, which is orgasm, represents the peak of the sexual response cycle. It typically lasts only a few seconds and is the quickest. Finally, the resolution stage pertains to the body’s operation gradually reverting to normal. During this phase, some people experience a broad sense of well-being and, frequently, exhaustion.
The Basolateral Complex
The basolateral amygdala, or basolateral complex, is comprised of the amygdala’s lateral. The amygdala is dedicated to social cognition, while the hippocampus is crucial for episodic remembering. Therefore, the connectivity between the amygdala and hippocampus may function as a primary neuronal substrate for manipulating event remembering at will (Yang and Wang). The amygdala and hippocampus are capable of functioning separately and interacting subtly. Considering the amygdala and hippocampus are involved in a wide variety of emotional disorders and emotion-related cognitive problems, such as anxiety, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease (Yang and Wang). As such, it is crucial to comprehend the complexities of their physical anatomy and extrapolation circuitry.
Fear
Fear is an intense feeling that induces physiological responses such as a rapid pulse and profuse perspiration and makes people feel alert and prepared to respond.
Contempt
Contempt can be subtle, yet its existence often contributes to the demise of connections. It entails seeing oneself as superior to another and looking down on others.
Disgust
This feeling is a significant sensory component, and one may be repulsed by the sight of mayonnaise on a sandwich, the scent of a body odor, or the thought of someone doing unethical behavior at work, but the underlying reaction is the same.
Sadness
Sadness is merely an emotion on the continuum of unhappiness. It is a common feeling; however, it may not always be obvious when someone is sad (Sachdev).
Anger
Anger is more proactive and directed against someone or something. Anger may assist others in realizing when they are feeling exhausted, deceived, or let down by another person.
Happiness is generally associated with and shared with others that one likes or loves.
Surprise
Surprise is an innate, immediate response to something unanticipated. Irrespective of their convictions, it is simple to identify a shocked individual.
Components of the Amygdala
Amygdala nuclei are categorized into three groups: basolateral amygdala groups (BLA), which consist of the lateral nucleus, the basal nucleus, and the biomedical (BM) nucleus; cortical-like collections, which consist of the nucleus of the lateral olfactory pathway and the cortex nucleolus; and the central and medial nuclei (Yang and Wang). In coronal slices of the brain from rostral to caudal, the base nucleus may be subdivided into the artery portion (BLA) and the posterior part (BLP) (Yang and Wang). Consequently, the basolateral amygdala and the anterior portion of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala have been represented by BLA. The upper and lower portions of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala are sometimes written as BLa and BLp, correspondingly, to explain this.
History of Phrenology
Phrenology was a department of psychology, the hypothesis of the brain. The views of the eccentric Franz Joseph Gall formed the basis for phrenology (1758-1828). In the 1830s and 1840s, phrenology originated in Britain and later traveled from there to America, France, and Germany. In America, it was much more prosperous. In the inception of the 1850s, phrenology had all but disappeared in Britain, but between the 1860s and 1870s, American phrenological Fowlers brought up a fresh trend. In the 1830s, the Fowlers started giving lectures and analyzing skulls for money in New York.
Many businesses frequently requested a character endorsement from a town phrenologist during the 1820s–1840s, the first golden age of phrenology, to make sure a potential employee was trustworthy and dependable. As with other popular fads, phrenology gradually lost its appeal among the wealthy who had earlier advocated the idea. It had turned into a group of fervent radicals (The History of Phrenology). A large portion of the first generation of phrenologists was unable to pass on their discredited expertise to a new age that had many more options to engage in popular sciences. Unfortunately, the L.N. Fowler-founded British Phrenological Society did not end until 1967.
Alfred Adler’s Three Fundamental Social Tasks
Adler valued social interactions and thought that as opposed to the sexual phases Freud described, childhood development emerged via social development. Adler emphasized the interconnectedness of humankind and the need for cooperation for the benefit of everyone. These concepts led Adler to identify three essential social jobs that every person must undertake: work-related tasks (careers), societal tasks (friendships), and love-related tasks (an intimate partner) (Alfred Adler: Theory and Application). Adler concentrated on social incentives for action rather than sexual or violent ones, as did Freud. In addition, he placed more emphasis on awareness than the subconscious mind since he thought that the three basic social duties are clearly acknowledged and undertaken.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
The Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a self-evaluation tool that assists individuals in gaining insight into their working and learning styles. It is a foundation for forming relationships, cultivating optimism, and attaining achievement (The. “Myers-Briggs Type Indicator). The MBTI was formed on the basis of four fundamental psychological processes: sensing, intuition, emotion, and reasoning. Everyone relies most heavily on one function, and the foundation of MBTI is the identification of individuals’ choices, which are determined by their interests, values, needs, and motivation (The. “Myers-Briggs Type Indicator). Carl Jung developed this idea based on subjective clinical observations. While the theory is extremely complex, it simply divides individuals into categories depending on where they feel most at ease, such as with people, objects, ideas, and information, among others.
William H. Sheldon’s Idea on the Influence of Body Types on Personality
William H. Sheldon created a complete framework of constitutional psychology based on the link between physical type and temperament. He postulated three somatotypes ectomorphs, endomorphs, and mesomorphs. In Sheldon’s perspective, ectomorphs are skinny, with a tiny bone system and minimal body fat (Mull). Therefore, ectomorphs are uneasy, self-conscious, creative, and secretive. They like mental stimulation but dislike social circumstances. However, endomorphs have narrow shoulders and broad hips, and their spherical bodies hold excess fat (Mull). Consequently, endomorphs are calm, at ease, good-natured, even-tempered, gregarious, and tolerant; additionally, they cherish intimacy and abhor condemnation. In contrast, mesomorphs have massive skeletons, well-defined muscles, wide shoulders, tiny waists, and handsome, muscular physiques. Sheldon claims that mesomorphs are daring, outspoken, and fearless.
Conclusion
Examining the significance of Cardinal Traits requires a review of Gordon W. Allport’s Trait Theory. Allport was a psychotherapist who was interested in analyzing and classifying personality qualities. According to Allport, cardinal qualities dominate and dictate an individual’s conduct. Central qualities are features shared to some extent by all individuals. Secondary characteristics are only seen under certain conditions. These characteristics provide a complete portrait of the human psyche. Cardinal characteristics define a person’s character to the extent that they become their trademark. Cardinal qualities are the most prevalent and uncommon personal characteristics. A single subject so dominates a few individuals’ lives that it determines their whole trajectory.
Works Cited
“Alfred Adler: Theory and Application – Adler Graduate School.” Alfredadler.edu, 2022, Web.
Hopper, Elizabeth. “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Explained.” ThoughtCo, 2020, Web.
Mull, Amanda. “The Atlantic.” The Atlantic, theatlantic, Web.
Sachdev, Poonam. MedicineNet, Web.
“Sexual Response Cycle: What It Is, Phases.” Cleveland Clinic, 2021, Web.
“The History of Phrenology.” Victorianweb.org, 2022.
The. “Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.” The Economic Times, 2022
Yang, Ying, and Jian-Zhi Wang. “From Structure to Behavior in Basolateral Amygdala-Hippocampus Circuits.” Frontiers in Neural Circuits, vol. 11, 2017.